WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.070 --> 00:00:04.100
If you look at a blank CD-R, odds are you’ll
find these two numbers.

00:00:04.100 --> 00:00:07.710
80 minutes of audio, and 700 megabytes of
data.

00:00:07.710 --> 00:00:11.600
You may be surprised to learn that these two
numbers don’t match.

00:00:11.600 --> 00:00:13.460
See, let’s take the 80 minute figure.

00:00:13.469 --> 00:00:18.460
We know that the Compact Disc Digital Audio
standard consists of 2 16 bit streams

00:00:18.460 --> 00:00:20.260
(2 because it’s stereo audio)

00:00:20.260 --> 00:00:23.890
each consisting of 44,100 samples per second.

00:00:23.890 --> 00:00:28.449
Let’s make it a bit easier and say that
it’s one stream of 8 bit words or bytes,

00:00:28.449 --> 00:00:31.200
so by doubling 44,100 twice

00:00:31.200 --> 00:00:34.500
(once for stereo,
once again to turn 16 bits into 8),

00:00:34.500 --> 00:00:38.630
we find that it’s 176,400 bytes per second.

00:00:38.630 --> 00:00:41.340
Multiply that figure by 60 for sixty seconds
per minute,

00:00:41.340 --> 00:00:44.960
and again by 80 for our eighty minute runtime, and you get…

00:00:44.960 --> 00:00:48.620
846,720,000 bytes.

00:00:48.620 --> 00:00:54.340
It would seem that an audio CD holds over
146 more megabytes than a data CD.

00:00:54.340 --> 00:00:55.300
What gives?

00:00:55.300 --> 00:00:58.620
We interrupt this program for a marginally
important message.

00:00:58.620 --> 00:01:03.260
In the computing world there is an unfortunate
mixing of the terms megabyte and mebibyte.

00:01:03.260 --> 00:01:08.160
You’ll almost never hear someone say mebibyte,
because it’s a silly word, but the 700 on

00:01:08.160 --> 00:01:10.540
this disc is actually referencing mebibytes.

00:01:10.540 --> 00:01:12.010
What’s the difference?

00:01:12.010 --> 00:01:15.470
A Megabyte is 1,000,000 bytes, based on powers
of 10.

00:01:15.470 --> 00:01:20.670
A mebibyte is based on powers of 2, so it
is actually 2 to the 20th bytes.

00:01:20.670 --> 00:01:28.300
So, a kibibyte is 1,024 bytes (rather than
1,000) and a mebibyte is 1,024 kibibytes.

00:01:28.300 --> 00:01:32.770
This annoying debacle has been causing problems
forever, for example hard drive manufacturers

00:01:32.770 --> 00:01:38.130
quote sizes in gigabytes or terabytes, when
your PC works in terms of gibibytes and tebibytes.

00:01:38.130 --> 00:01:43.420
So this 2 terabyte portable drive only appears
as 1.81 terabytes on my PC.

00:01:43.420 --> 00:01:48.760
But my PC is actually misrepresenting this
figure as terabytes when it is in fact tebibytes.

00:01:48.760 --> 00:01:53.100
But CDs and DVDs are quoted in mebibytes and
gibibytes, so even though this label shows

00:01:53.110 --> 00:01:58.860
MB instead of the correct M lowercase i B,
my computer does the same mislabeling, and

00:01:58.860 --> 00:02:00.950
since they’re both wrong, they agree.

00:02:00.950 --> 00:02:05.420
Anyway, all of this is to say, I’ll be using
the word Megabyte, even though sometimes it’s

00:02:05.420 --> 00:02:07.360
actually a mebibyte.

00:02:07.360 --> 00:02:09.380
Please send complaints to:

00:02:15.020 --> 00:02:20.860
It would seem that an audio CD holds over
146 more megabytes than a data CD.

00:02:20.860 --> 00:02:21.680
What gives?

00:02:21.680 --> 00:02:26.720
Well it’s actually more of a “what takes
away” as the CD-ROM standard sacrifices

00:02:26.720 --> 00:02:30.020
those bytes for more precise error correction.

00:02:30.020 --> 00:02:34.000
As discussed in this channel’s first video
on the compact disc, the CIRC error correction

00:02:34.000 --> 00:02:40.830
used in the Compact Disc Digital Audio standard
can perfectly correct errors up to 3,500 bits long.

00:02:40.830 --> 00:02:46.480
But, it can also mask errors up to 12,000
bits long through interpolation.

00:02:46.480 --> 00:02:50.500
That means that it’s essentially guessing
what the audio samples should be for errors

00:02:50.500 --> 00:02:53.470
between 3,500 bits and 12,000 bits.

00:02:53.470 --> 00:02:55.510
Now, for audio samples, that’s fine.

00:02:55.510 --> 00:03:00.510
12,000 bits is less than one one hundredth
of a second of audio, so even though the error

00:03:00.510 --> 00:03:05.010
correction might be fudging things, you’ll
almost certainly not notice it.

00:03:05.010 --> 00:03:07.830
But for data, that’s not gonna do it.

00:03:07.830 --> 00:03:11.480
Data cannot be fudged without serious consequences.

00:03:11.480 --> 00:03:16.270
In order for the compact disc to store data
files reliably, it would either need to sacrifice

00:03:16.270 --> 00:03:19.900
durability or come up with a new error correction
scheme.

00:03:19.900 --> 00:03:21.060
And it did neither.

00:03:21.060 --> 00:03:22.220
But also yes.

00:03:22.230 --> 00:03:23.840
CD-ROMs

00:03:23.840 --> 00:03:26.100
(or would that be CDs-ROM?)

00:03:26.100 --> 00:03:28.780
use the same CIRC error correction and basic data

00:03:28.780 --> 00:03:33.850
structure of the CD-Audio disc, including
the frame structure, subcode, and all that.

00:03:33.850 --> 00:03:38.370
But more error correction was added within
the frame (which we’ve now formally decided

00:03:38.370 --> 00:03:40.160
to call a sector).

00:03:40.160 --> 00:03:46.800
Of the 2,352 bytes available in a sector on
an audio CD, 304 get sacrificed, mostly for

00:03:46.800 --> 00:03:51.090
error correction, but also for some basic
signalling, such as synchronization and distinguishing

00:03:51.090 --> 00:03:53.520
between mode 1 and mode 2.

00:03:53.520 --> 00:03:58.060
Combined with an additional layer of CIRC
error correction, the CD-ROM standard maintained

00:03:58.060 --> 00:04:00.940
the same durability with zero tolerance error
correction.

00:04:00.940 --> 00:04:06.860
We’ll get to Mode 2 later, but nearly all
CD-Data applications use Mode 1 for its complete

00:04:06.860 --> 00:04:08.060
error correction.

00:04:08.060 --> 00:04:12.190
Now that the compact disc was being used for
more than a simple linear stream of audio,

00:04:12.190 --> 00:04:15.090
a true file system needed to be standardized.

00:04:15.090 --> 00:04:19.400
Initially things were rather ad-hoc, but a
group of 12 computer hardware manufacturers

00:04:19.400 --> 00:04:25.300
met at what was then the High Sierra Hotel
and Casino in Lake Tahoe, CA, where they settled

00:04:25.300 --> 00:04:28.810
on a standard called the High Sierra Format.

00:04:28.810 --> 00:04:34.690
Eventually this would become ISO 9660, the
standard used to this day, however it has

00:04:34.690 --> 00:04:37.080
been extended and improved over the years.

00:04:37.080 --> 00:04:42.880
Now that the CD-ROM was officially a thing,
whole new multimedia experiences could be created.

00:04:42.880 --> 00:04:47.630
With the ability to store images, program
files, sounds and even video, the possibilities

00:04:47.630 --> 00:04:50.530
with CD-ROM were seemingly limitless.

00:04:50.530 --> 00:04:56.530
No longer bound by the 1.44 megabytes of a
3.5 inch floppy, elaborate games with full-on

00:04:56.530 --> 00:05:01.320
soundtracks, thousands of color images, and
more complicated structure could be produced.

00:05:01.320 --> 00:05:06.700
My greatest nostalgia factor comes from mid-nineties
educational games, like the Magic School Bus

00:05:06.700 --> 00:05:10.440
games or my personal favorite, JumpStart 3rd
grade.

00:05:10.440 --> 00:05:14.880
Seriously, this was a wicked awesome game
and it’s holding up pretty well I’d say.

00:05:14.880 --> 00:05:19.600
[In another day, the world will see the dawning
of Polly Planet.]

00:05:19.600 --> 00:05:20.600
*buzz sound*

00:05:21.940 --> 00:05:22.800
[Whoops!]

00:05:22.800 --> 00:05:24.920
[It seems there’s someone at the door.]

00:05:24.920 --> 00:05:26.240
[Let’s take a little peek!]

00:05:26.280 --> 00:05:30.300
Anyway, of course home computers weren’t
the only beneficiaries of this sort of vast

00:05:30.300 --> 00:05:31.440
data store.

00:05:31.440 --> 00:05:35.720
Video game consoles soon appeared which could
take advantage of it, in fact one of the earliest

00:05:35.730 --> 00:05:38.260
was the Philips CD-i system.

00:05:38.260 --> 00:05:43.200
It technically wasn’t using CD-ROMs, though,
as CD-i discs were in fact their very own

00:05:43.200 --> 00:05:45.450
category, published in the Green Book.

00:05:45.450 --> 00:05:49.770
But unless you’re either very young or were
living under a rock through the 1990’s and

00:05:49.770 --> 00:05:54.050
early 2000’s, I’m sure you already knew
what CD-ROMs could do.

00:05:54.050 --> 00:05:57.930
But the OM, in that CD-ROM, man that’s a
bummer.

00:05:57.930 --> 00:06:03.090
Sure, having 700 megabytes at your disposal
is fantastic, but no one has a CD manufacturing

00:06:03.090 --> 00:06:05.500
and duplication facility just at home.

00:06:05.500 --> 00:06:07.050
But wait, they do!

00:06:07.050 --> 00:06:11.670
The development of the CD-R, for Compact Disc
Recordable, meant that no longer would you

00:06:11.670 --> 00:06:16.080
be forced to write up a contract with a commercial
CD pressing facility for at least 10,000 discs

00:06:16.080 --> 00:06:21.620
just to make a mixtape, instead all you needed
was a $35,000 machine and a computer!

00:06:21.620 --> 00:06:25.591
It would take until the mid-to-late 90’s
for CD burners to come down in price, and

00:06:25.600 --> 00:06:28.940
even then there were annoyances, but now we're really talking.

00:06:28.940 --> 00:06:34.260
A CD-R, which incidentally is a pirate’s
favorite kind of CD, is constructed much the

00:06:34.260 --> 00:06:37.530
same as a normal CD, but with two important
changes.

00:06:37.530 --> 00:06:42.400
First, the pits and lands molded into the
polycarbonate layer are replaced with a continuous

00:06:42.400 --> 00:06:44.360
spiral pregroove.

00:06:44.360 --> 00:06:48.730
This spiral will guide the laser of a drive
writing to a disc, and it also contains the

00:06:48.730 --> 00:06:53.730
ATIP which tells the drive the properties
of the disc, such as its maximum write speed.

00:06:53.730 --> 00:06:57.240
Right on top of the pregroove is a thin layer
of an organic dye.

00:06:57.240 --> 00:07:02.360
That’s why CD-Rs are sometimes a strange
color, or even just a little bit off from

00:07:02.360 --> 00:07:04.360
the normal silver.

00:07:04.360 --> 00:07:09.620
Then on top of the dye, a partially transparent
thin layer of metal, usually aluminum, is placed.

00:07:09.620 --> 00:07:14.080
This allows the laser light to be reflected
back while still being influenced by the dye.

00:07:14.090 --> 00:07:18.500
To burn data on the disc, the laser switches
from it’s everyday gentle glow

00:07:18.500 --> 00:07:19.940
to an all-out LIGHT CANNON

00:07:19.940 --> 00:07:21.700
of FIRE LASER,

00:07:21.700 --> 00:07:25.040
and the high intensity
heats up the dye so much that its optical

00:07:25.040 --> 00:07:26.130
properties change.

00:07:26.130 --> 00:07:31.310
That’s right, CD burners are literally burning
the equivalent of pits onto the disc.

00:07:31.310 --> 00:07:36.140
Once it’s been written, almost any CD drive,
going back to the earliest CD players, can

00:07:36.140 --> 00:07:37.680
read these discs.

00:07:37.680 --> 00:07:42.210
The parts of the dye that were made into a
“pit” by the writing laser will dim the

00:07:42.210 --> 00:07:46.500
reading laser’s reflection, which is much
the same as how real pits cause destructive

00:07:46.500 --> 00:07:47.700
interference.

00:07:47.700 --> 00:07:52.680
So long as the CD reader can tell the difference
between a burned spot and an untouched spot,

00:07:52.680 --> 00:07:54.560
it will read the data just fine.

00:07:54.560 --> 00:07:58.889
Being able to store data files onto a compact
disc at home meant that just one of these

00:07:58.889 --> 00:08:02.050
guys could replace hundreds of floppy disks.

00:08:02.050 --> 00:08:04.020
But now we had a new problem.

00:08:04.020 --> 00:08:06.620
Remember how in a normal CD, there are three
parts?

00:08:06.620 --> 00:08:09.120
The Lead-in, program area, and lead-out?

00:08:09.120 --> 00:08:13.680
Well, if we stuck to this limitation for the
CD-R, then if you were to write as little

00:08:13.699 --> 00:08:16.220
as a Word document on a blank CD,

00:08:16.220 --> 00:08:17.980
you’ll
have written the lead-out,

00:08:17.980 --> 00:08:19.620
and now the disc is done.

00:08:19.620 --> 00:08:23.120
The Orange Book introduced the standard of
multi-session writing.

00:08:23.120 --> 00:08:27.190
Now, after the lead-out of the disc, another
lead-in can be made.

00:08:27.190 --> 00:08:31.470
Each time a new session is made, the lead-in
is updated to include the location of all

00:08:31.470 --> 00:08:32.800
the files.

00:08:32.800 --> 00:08:36.730
On a multi-session disc, the drive will look
for all of the lead-ins, and once it finds

00:08:36.730 --> 00:08:40.120
the last one, it basically just ignores the
rest.

00:08:40.120 --> 00:08:45.790
This is also how a file can be “deleted”
from a CD-R, as the latest lead-in may simply

00:08:45.790 --> 00:08:48.290
not include it in the table of contents.

00:08:48.290 --> 00:08:52.520
But the data is still physically there, and
there are ways of getting to it.

00:08:52.520 --> 00:08:58.010
Of course, the central limitation to the CD-R
is that is a write-once, read many format.

00:08:58.010 --> 00:09:02.420
In fact, its original name was going to be
CD-Write Once, which I really wish had been

00:09:02.420 --> 00:09:05.560
stuck with because we could have called them
CD-WOs!

00:09:05.600 --> 00:09:07.040
Woah!

00:09:07.040 --> 00:09:09.560
But, we wouldn’t be stuck with write-only
for long.

00:09:09.570 --> 00:09:13.930
Interestingly, the Orange Book detailed a
rewritable CD based on magneto-optical technology

00:09:13.930 --> 00:09:17.580
in 1990 (the technology behind the MiniDisc).

00:09:17.580 --> 00:09:22.230
This never made it to commercial production,
but the CD-MO would have been the perfect

00:09:22.230 --> 00:09:24.030
companion to the CD-WO.

00:09:24.030 --> 00:09:28.029
Instead, we got the CD-RW in 1997.

00:09:28.029 --> 00:09:32.980
This is functionally identical to a CD-R,
but the organic dye layer is replaced with

00:09:32.980 --> 00:09:37.840
a Silver-Indium-Antimony-Tellurium alloy,
also called by at least one person

00:09:37.840 --> 00:09:39.370
AgInSbTe.

00:09:39.370 --> 00:09:44.450
This alloy has a unique property which alters
its reflectivity based on phase changes.

00:09:44.450 --> 00:09:48.260
In an unburned disc, the alloy is in a polycrystalline
structure.

00:09:48.260 --> 00:09:52.871
But when the laser heats it to somewhere in
the neighborhood of 500-700 degrees C, it

00:09:52.871 --> 00:09:54.050
melts it.

00:09:54.050 --> 00:09:58.580
And when it solidifies, it no longer has the
same crystalline structure, and thus it reflects

00:09:58.580 --> 00:10:03.430
light about 15-25% less intensely than the crystalline
parts.

00:10:03.430 --> 00:10:09.270
So, spots that are melted by the laser turn
into sorta pits, and spots that aren’t remain

00:10:09.270 --> 00:10:10.320
sorta lands.

00:10:10.320 --> 00:10:15.470
What allows the disc to be re-written is that
when the alloy is heated to around 200 degrees C,

00:10:15.470 --> 00:10:20.279
it doesn’t melt, but any parts that have
lost their polycrystalline structure will

00:10:20.279 --> 00:10:22.080
actually reform.

00:10:22.080 --> 00:10:27.260
This effectively erases all of the burned
pits, and allows the disc to be written again.

00:10:27.260 --> 00:10:30.900
CD-RWs have several severe limitations, though.

00:10:30.900 --> 00:10:35.800
Unlike a CD-R, these discs generally cannot
be read in standard drives.

00:10:35.800 --> 00:10:40.320
Because the change in reflectivity between
a pit and land is so slight, a CD reader needs

00:10:40.320 --> 00:10:43.210
to be much more sensitive to pick up the data.

00:10:43.210 --> 00:10:47.410
After the introduction of the CD-RW, many
standard CD readers were made more sensitive

00:10:47.410 --> 00:10:53.750
to accommodate them, sometimes branded as
Multi-Read, but it certainly wasn’t universal.

00:10:53.750 --> 00:10:59.490
Another big problem of the CD-RW was that
the discs weren’t always backwards compatible.

00:10:59.490 --> 00:11:04.779
Because of that phase-changing alloy, there
is actually a minimum speed to write the disc.

00:11:04.779 --> 00:11:09.560
This basic 1-4X disc will work in pretty much
any drive, so long as you can force it to

00:11:09.560 --> 00:11:15.980
burn slowly, but later, higher-speed discs
might need a minimum speed of 8x or more,

00:11:15.980 --> 00:11:19.800
so if you only had a 4x drive, you’re SOL.

00:11:19.800 --> 00:11:22.770
And before we put the CD to rest, let’s
look at some of the other stuff that those

00:11:22.770 --> 00:11:26.390
crafty engineers at Sony and Philips jammed
into here.

00:11:26.390 --> 00:11:28.910
Remember the subcode channels R through W?

00:11:28.910 --> 00:11:30.800
Eventually these would get used.

00:11:30.800 --> 00:11:34.740
CD+G, for CD Graphics, was used in karaoke
machines.

00:11:34.740 --> 00:11:38.470
The first CD+G discs were released in 1985.

00:11:38.470 --> 00:11:43.760
This was further refined into the CD+EG, standing
for Extended Graphics.

00:11:43.760 --> 00:11:49.440
In what seems backwards, it would take 11
years for Sony to introduce the CD Text format,

00:11:49.440 --> 00:11:51.200
in 1996.

00:11:51.200 --> 00:11:55.320
Also using the R through W subcode channels,
this was essentially a way to add metadata

00:11:55.320 --> 00:11:58.570
such as track titles, artists, album, and
all that jazz.

00:11:58.570 --> 00:12:03.780
Oddly, I can’t find references to it being
used for lyrics, which seems a wasted opportunity

00:12:03.780 --> 00:12:05.760
as there definitely is room.

00:12:05.760 --> 00:12:08.410
Remember the Mode 2 in CD-ROM I talked about
earlier?

00:12:08.410 --> 00:12:11.140
That’s right, I’m putting it in the same
video this time.

00:12:11.140 --> 00:12:16.720
CD-ROM Mode 2 sacrificed some of the error
correction of mode 1 for a larger data capacity,

00:12:16.730 --> 00:12:18.650
about 800 megabytes.

00:12:18.650 --> 00:12:22.310
You wouldn’t want a computer program or
documents stored in Mode 2, but for things

00:12:22.310 --> 00:12:26.450
like video files or large collections of images
where a small error will simply result in

00:12:26.450 --> 00:12:29.980
a glitch or artifact, it was OK to use.

00:12:29.980 --> 00:12:35.280
Video CDs, defined in the White book, used
Mode 2, and now that I know that, VCDs make

00:12:35.280 --> 00:12:36.920
a lot more sense to me.

00:12:36.920 --> 00:12:40.930
The video compression of VCD is ridiculous,
but knowing that it’s actually playing with

00:12:40.930 --> 00:12:44.670
800 megabytes makes it seem a little less
crazy.

00:12:44.670 --> 00:12:46.300
And there were other odds and ends.

00:12:46.300 --> 00:12:47.140
The delightful

00:12:47.140 --> 00:12:47.960
beige

00:12:47.965 --> 00:12:51.790
book defined a standard
for photo CDs in 1992.

00:12:51.790 --> 00:12:56.890
The standard was a little ahead of its time
though, as in 1992 CD-ROM drives really weren’t

00:12:56.890 --> 00:13:01.300
that common yet, and it also stored photos
in a proprietary format.

00:13:01.300 --> 00:13:05.660
Kodak developed the Photo CD in a time when
digital cameras weren’t really a thing at

00:13:05.660 --> 00:13:09.960
all for consumers, so in a sense it was a
very clever product.

00:13:09.960 --> 00:13:14.780
Get your film developed and receive a disc
with very high-resolution scans for future use.

00:13:14.780 --> 00:13:19.920
But by the time CD-ROM drives became widespread,
digital cameras were starting to appear.

00:13:19.930 --> 00:13:25.790
And, once CD burners came down in price, well
you could just burn JPEGs onto a CD (which,

00:13:25.790 --> 00:13:30.740
you might recall, many DVD players can show
as a slideshow on your TV).

00:13:30.740 --> 00:13:35.339
You look back at Kodak’s history and you
just can’t help but feel sorry for them.

00:13:35.339 --> 00:13:41.110
And to round out the rainbow, the Blue Book
of 1995 defined the Enhanced CD, which functioned

00:13:41.110 --> 00:13:46.380
both as an Audio CD and a CD-ROM, with two
sessions on a stamped disc.

00:13:46.380 --> 00:13:50.930
This was kinda neat, as a CD player would
treat it as a normal audio CD, but you could

00:13:50.930 --> 00:13:55.450
store photos or interactive material in the
data portion which a computer could access.

00:13:55.450 --> 00:14:01.620
The Scarlet book of 1999 defined the standards
of the Super Audio CD, a high-res audio format,

00:14:01.620 --> 00:14:04.830
which is pretty much just a DVD but with audio
only.

00:14:04.830 --> 00:14:10.160
It also had significantly different audio
encoding, which I won’t go into right now,

00:14:10.160 --> 00:14:11.630
and multi-channel support.

00:14:11.630 --> 00:14:15.510
And the last of the rainbow books was the
Purple Book of 2000, which if you thought

00:14:15.510 --> 00:14:19.839
the Super Audio CD was obscure, well you haven’t
read the Purple Book.

00:14:19.839 --> 00:14:24.390
All this was was a reduction in pit size and
narrower spacing to double the data capacity

00:14:24.390 --> 00:14:25.440
of a CD.

00:14:25.440 --> 00:14:29.360
And, it was only for use as data storage,
not audio.

00:14:29.360 --> 00:14:33.800
But, when DVDs already existed, what was the
point?

00:14:33.800 --> 00:14:38.100
That’s pretty much what everyone asked,
and it was practically dead on arrival.

00:14:38.100 --> 00:14:40.260
But an interesting thing about the purple
book.

00:14:40.260 --> 00:14:44.660
In a way, it had been implemented (although
much more subtly) long before it was published.

00:14:44.660 --> 00:14:50.760
See, the original Compact Disc standard was
74 minutes or 650 megabytes of data.

00:14:50.760 --> 00:14:57.570
But, the vast majority of CD-Rs and CD-RWs
you can buy are 80 minutes, 700 megabytes.

00:14:57.570 --> 00:15:02.269
It was discovered not long into the life of
the CD that the tolerances were generous enough

00:15:02.269 --> 00:15:08.020
to space the tracks just a little bit tighter
together without violating the Red Book specs.

00:15:08.020 --> 00:15:13.540
The purple book just did that to a much more
radical extent, but many years too late.

00:15:13.540 --> 00:15:18.050
And finally, one thing you should know about
pretty much all writable optical media.

00:15:18.050 --> 00:15:21.460
The dyes and alloys aren’t terribly stable.

00:15:21.460 --> 00:15:27.180
Many of the earliest CD-Rs are failing, as
the dye is degrading or the disc is delaminating.

00:15:27.180 --> 00:15:32.200
If you have any precious data stored on optical
media, you might want to back that up pretty soon.

00:15:32.200 --> 00:15:34.580
Thanks for watching, I hope you enjoyed the
video!

00:15:34.589 --> 00:15:37.210
This just about wraps up the saga on the Compact
Disc.

00:15:37.210 --> 00:15:41.399
I think I hit all the bases, but I certainly
didn’t go into detail on everything.

00:15:41.399 --> 00:15:44.630
If there’s something more specific you’d
like me to look into, let me know in the comments

00:15:44.630 --> 00:15:45.700
and I’ll see what I can do!

00:15:45.700 --> 00:15:49.010
As always, thank you to everyone who supports
this channel on Patreon.

00:15:49.010 --> 00:15:52.010
I say this every time, but seriously.

00:15:52.010 --> 00:15:53.010
Thank you.

00:15:53.010 --> 00:15:56.430
Your support makes this channel possible,
and you are awesome for it.

00:15:56.430 --> 00:16:00.200
If you would like to join the Patreon crew
to support the channel as well as get perks

00:16:00.200 --> 00:16:04.709
like early video access, some occasional behind
the scenes stuff, and the inside scoop on

00:16:04.709 --> 00:16:07.720
the latest projects, please check out my Patreon
page.

00:16:07.720 --> 00:16:10.040
Thanks for your consideration, and I’ll
see you next time!

00:16:10.560 --> 00:16:13.500
♪ exceptionally smooth jazz ♪

00:16:14.720 --> 00:16:19.340
So long as the CD reader can tell the difference
between a burned spot and an untouched spot,

00:16:19.350 --> 00:16:21.329
it will read the data just fine.

00:16:21.329 --> 00:16:23.950
I need to record that line because I screwed
it up.

00:16:23.950 --> 00:16:29.500
The development of the CD-R, for Compact Disc
Recordable, meant that no longer… wait…

00:16:29.820 --> 00:16:31.420
…

00:16:31.880 --> 00:16:32.700
No that was right.

00:16:33.460 --> 00:16:35.380
[clears throat] Let’s try again!

00:16:35.380 --> 00:16:38.200
...was replaced with a silver, indium, antinomy…

00:16:39.860 --> 00:16:40.820
antiMOny, right?

00:16:40.880 --> 00:16:42.020
It’s Antimony?

00:16:42.020 --> 00:16:43.020
Yeah.

00:16:43.700 --> 00:16:44.800
Antimony Cricket!

00:16:44.800 --> 00:16:48.390
And it also stored photos in a proprietary
format Kodak developed….

00:16:48.390 --> 00:16:49.080
AHH!

00:16:49.390 --> 00:16:54.760
It technically wasn’t using CD-ROMs, though,
as CD-i discs were in fact their very own

00:16:54.779 --> 00:16:56.700
category, published…

00:16:56.700 --> 00:17:00.140
…

00:17:00.140 --> 00:17:02.600
...in the green
book.